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History Tetiaroa coconut grove.

Tetiaroa The coconut grove was planted on the decision of Dr. Johnston Walter Williams, there are 80 to 100 years in order to produce copra. At the time, the planting technique consisted , in most cases, cut off all natural vegetation, to let it dry and then burn everything before planting coconut trees by importing seed of a nut deemed planting, usually located on another island (Michel Guerin, personal communication).
current density of adult palms is very high, up to 450 palms per hectare, whereas the normal planting densities are about 100 to 200 coconuts per hectare. The accompanying figure compares the density of coconut Tetiaroa to that of a hybrid coconut plantation conducted using the standard norm. Maintenance of coconuts was done, at least to a certain period, by burning, "vacuum cleaning" by cutting and burning everything that was not coconut. Traces of this type of burn are visible on the trunk of old coconut trees in the northwest of the motu Onetahi. These planting techniques were harmful to the biodiversity of endemic species (Dupon, 1987). There were probably significant replanting after hurricanes.
harvesting coconuts and copra production ceased in the 1970s. Many coconut downed germinated Others are eaten by rats, whose population has increased. Nuts coconut pierced by rats and partially filled with rainwater is an environment conducive to the proliferation of mosquitoes and flies. In the coconut
current Tetiaroa, 20 to 40% of coconut trees follow the original planting device. They are recognizable on the satellite photos to the fact that they are planted in a straight line, generally oriented north-south and east-west. These original coconut plantation are mainly localized on the motus Tiraunu, Hiraan and Horoatera. The coconuts are many other volunteer anarchic fruit coconut fell to the ground and germinated.
Total coconut Tetiaroa adults can be estimated at between 150,000 and 200,000 trees.

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Coconut Genetic Resources Conservation and

The coconut palm was introduced into the Pacific Ocean from of Southeast Asia there is hundreds of years (Lepofsky et al., 1992). The Polynesians have selected coconut trees suited to different uses, including successively introducing these new coconut trees on islands. They contributed to the creation of many varieties which morphological diversity is spectacular. The coconut has become part of the lifestyle of the Polynesians. Figure 2 shows a picture of the variability at the global level for the coconut fruit.
From 1870 to 1930, following the international market development of copra, the number of coconut trees planted in Polynesia French has been multiplied by a factor very high, probably about 80 to 100 (Guerin, personal communication). On coral soil, planting of coconut trees was conducted at the end of the century and renewed in part the result of major hurricanes of 1903 and 1906. In the high islands, an inland valley coconut grove was planted after the First World War.
Over the last two centuries, the Polynesian population has declined sharply, which inevitably led to a loss of traditional knowledge (Juventin, 2003). Changes socio-economic brutal affected Polynesia during the twentieth century were then exacerbated this loss of traditional knowledge. Regarding the coconut varieties that had been painstakingly selected over millennia by the Polynesians (Henry, 1928) were gradually diluted by the mass of coconut trees selected and used mainly to produce copra. The successive cyclones, especially during the 1980s, also strongly affected the coconut (Dupon, 1987).

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history of human occupation of Tetiaroa

Tetiaroa is the only atoll in the archipelago of the Leeward Islands. It is located 42 km north of Tahiti. Its lagoon is encircled by 13 motu, which represent about 6 square miles of land mass. Figure 1 shows a satellite image of the atoll.
During the pre-European Tetiaroa was successively summer residence of the chiefs of Arue (village has since become common in Tahiti) and the royal Pomare family until it was abandoned by Queen Pomare IV. In 1904, the royal family offered Tetiaroa Dr. Johnston Walter Williams (1874-1937), only dentist on the island Tahiti and the British consul from 1916 to 1935.
In 1966, Marlon Brando acquires the land part of the atoll for 99 years (the remaining property of the lagoon area of maritime jurisdiction). The film "Mutiny on the Bounty" and the subsequent purchase of the atoll of Tetiaroa by Marlon Brando contributed significantly to the construction and dissemination of "Polynesian Myth" (as defined by Sherman, 2005) myth that has helped to promote tourism of French Polynesia.

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Scientific Mission for the classification of ecological Tetiaroa

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Discovery of a collection of coconut palms on Tetiaroa

Analysis of diversity coconut palms on Tetiaroa merely an observation of phenotypic trees. This first investigation could unfortunately not be duplicated by an Molecular analysis for lack of funding for laboratory work.
5 illustrates the variability of the fruit of the coconut trees on the atoll of Tetiaroa, this figure can be compared with Figure 2 which describes this same variability globally. Given that the land area of Tetiaroa does not exceed 6 km 2, the variability of the coconut fruit reached the atoll on an extraordinarily high level. So many different kinds of coconut can hardly be met in a small area by the simple game of chance. We therefore assumed that someone has been on the motu Onetahi, bringing together a collection of coconut varieties. This collection was most probably planted at the time of Marlon Brando. He or his family have had to ask their friends to give them Polynesian seed the largest possible number of variety of coconut. . If the existence of this collection is obviously interesting, its scientific and practical interest is limited. The low number of trees planted by variety limits the representativeness of genetic varieties and the fact that all varieties are planted near each other will lead to mixtures, if one tries to reproduce.
No varieties of dwarf coconut palm is present on the atoll. With the exception of motus Onetahi and Rimaturu'u, Tetiaroa is planted with coconut trees typical large Polynesian selected for copra: Fruit medium sized, with thick wad of medium to low, nuts rather round shape to slightly oval, almond enough thick. However, the growth conditions of these coconuts are unfavorable. Soils have been impoverished by a long monoculture, rats can consume up to 70% of nuts on the trees and ground (Ribi et al. 2006) Fruits are few. This makes it difficult to assess varietal on purely morphological. To be more precise analysis should be conducted by microsatellite DNA sample leaf of fifty on each coconut motu. Fosberg and Sachet According
(1983) only a few coconut trees were planted on the Motu Aie, and all these coconuts had been slaughtered at the time of their visit. During our visit in 2007, we found the presence of a score of coconut trees on the motu, can be derived from regrowth spontanée.En regards varieties of coconut, the motu is the richest Onetahi. This is also where the growth conditions of the coconuts are best, so where varietal differences can best be expressed. The coconut

called 'Nape', or 'Puru', or 'Rau-'aha "correspond to several ancient Polynesian varieties specially selected for strings with the fibers of the pith (fruit coat). Some coconut trees of this type were found in two very limited areas of the Motu Onetahi. Again, trees of the same variety are planted in close proximity to each other.
Teihotu also indicated the existence on the Motu Onetahi, a coconut "medicinal". But it does recollection of his precise location. He was eventually appointed a green coconut with nuts, one of whose fruit is pictured in Figure 5. However, we are not entirely on whether many of the coconut "medicinal". Indeed, we observed a variety Tonga Polynesian coconut "medicinal", which had very specific characteristics: fruit oval and smaller than one color rather dark gray-green and easily recognizable, floss (husk of the fruit) tinted pink inside when the fruit is still young, and tend to self-fertilization. That said, it is not certain that the coconut tree called "medicinal" in French Polynesia is exactly the kind Tongan.

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coconut palm (Coconut horned)

Regarding the varieties of coconut, the motu is the richest Onetahi. This is also where the growth conditions of the coconuts are best, so where varietal differences are best expressed. On Onetahi, there is an extremely rare form of coconut, coconut called horned: fluff (fruit coat) has two symmetric protrusions reminiscent of the horns, as illustrated by Photos attached.

A few copies of these coconuts were reported in Sri Lanka (Petch, 1924), the islands Indian Andaman (Rajesh et al., 2008) and on the atoll of Rangiroa (Millaud, 1954) . There is another coconut tree of its kind on the Motu of the municipality of Tunga Anaa. These coconuts are known under the names or Haari Puaatoro Tara Tara.

Teihotu Brando has reported that several coconuts "horns" are grouped in the same area Onetahi motu, but only one of them provided fruit with horns regular and well formed. Most likely, many descendants a single horn in coconut were imported and planted side by side, but as the seeds were imported free of fertilization between the coconut trees, many derived from natural cross between a female parent "horned" and normal male relatives. Only a few descendants therefore express the character "to horn" of the female parent.

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